by
Prof. Hua,
Jian,
National Taiwan Ocean University
IOA potential
member
R.O.C.
Introduction
Water sources for KinLuen Bay Park
include deep ocean water, stream, hot spring, groundwater, and tap water.
Discharge and treatment of wastewater can be complicated by the characteristics
and flow rates of mixture from various effluent sources. This paper suggests
alternatives to conventional water treatment, based upon various possibilities
of use and mixing of water. It is aimed at establishing a water treatment model
which may be feasible environmentally and economically, including land treatment
and reuse of wastewater for irrigation.
Importance of Water
Reclamation
Taiwan owns abundant precipitation
of 2500mm annually. However, due mainly to the steep topography and inefficient
management of water resources, water shortages are common in many parts of the
island. In addition, the inequitable distribution of available fresh water
supplies at points far distant from where they are needed, inevitably give rise
to complex social, economic and legal problems.
Conservation and recycling of
water, along with improved management and technology, will contribute to more
efficient use. Programs and facilities that will lead to wide spread use of both
potable and nonpotable waters will conserve water and reduce its cost. Water
reuse projects are implemented for many reasons, including:
 |
Opportunity - Reuse is more opportunistic in
nature. |
|
Need - With increasing water demands in areas with limited
supplies, reclained water may be the only cost-effective way of
supplementing water. |
|
Conservation - Using reclaimed water can significantly
reduce the demand. |
|
Reliability of supply - Reclaimed water users may be assured
of receiving water |
|
Well-Established Technology - Water reclamation for
nonpotable purposes, only requires conventional water treatment technology
which is well established. |
|
Economics - Use of reclaimed water may be the most
economical option for providing e.g. irrigation. |
|
Pollution Abatement - Using reclaimed water that would
otherwise be discharged into environmentally-sensitive water body
eliminates a source of contamination. |
|
Public Policy - The public supports reuse is becoming more
active in promoting |
|
Successful Experiences - There are literally hundreds of
successful experiences. |
However, the public
¡¦s acceptance
and support of reuse projects is based, in part, on its confidence in the safety
of reclaimed water.
Water Quality Considerations
The presence of toxic chemicals
and pathogenic microorganisms in untreatd wastewater creates the potential for
adverse health effects where there is contact, inhalation, or ingestion of
chemical or microbiological consitituents of health concern. Thus the
acceptability of reclaimed water is dependent on the physical, chemical, and
microbiological quality of the water. The chemical and biological constituents
of reclaimed water can vary considerably, and determine the success of using
such water. Constituents of primary concern appear in Table 1.
Table 1. Constituents
of Concern in Wastewater Treatment
Factors affecting the quality of
water include source water quality, wastewater treatment processes and treatment
effectiveness, treatment reliability, and distribution system design and
operation. Adequate circulation and aeration are also necessary for algae and
odor control. Table 2 shows four ways by which the water can be
aerated.
Table 2. Advantages and
Disadvantages of Water Aeration Methods.